al-Ahzab is the 33rd sura of the Qur’an, which means ‘The Joint Forces’ or ‘The Confederate Tribes’. It derives its name from verses 20, which refers to the Battle of the Trench, held in 5 ah. The sura belongs to the Medinan period and comprises 73 verses, 1,280 words, 5,706 letters, and 9 segments. It is the 90th sura in chronological order, revealed after Sura Al ‘Imran. The Joint Forces consisted of tribes which banded together with the Meccans to besiege Medina at the Battle of the Trench (al-Khandaq). This sura provides the rules on divorce and adoption along with a number of ethical instructions for Muslims to follow.
Furthermore, this sura describes the attitudes of the hypocrites and their tactics to sway and discourage the believers from putting up resistance and fighting in self-defence. The sura refers to the Confederates of Mecca who persuaded the Jewish tribe Banu Qurayza, which inhabited Medina, to allow them to breach the Medinan state’s defences and fortifications, and attack the city from the south. The Banu Qurayza were besieged by the Muslim forces, and punished for their high treason and their violation of the Treaty of Medina. The Enemy Alliance was weakened by Muslim forces in the Medinan state through engaging with the Banu Ghatafan tribe in negotiations. As a result of these negotiations, the Muslim forces were able to overcome the Meccan forces and dismantle their unity, leading to the defeat of the Confederate Forces.
This sura further goes on to describe the Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) as an exemplary Role Model for believers, declaring the Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) as being closer to the believers than their own selves, and declaring the wives of the Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) as the mothers of the believers. The sura then proceeds to provide some essential instructions to the virtuous wives of the Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him), and elevates their status by declaring their rewards to be double of other believing women. This sura declares that none of the believing women possesses a status equal to theirs; therefore, their patience, modesty, speech, prayers, charity, and obedience to God and the Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) should be maintained according to their status.
The sura further mentions the reward of righteous men and women, in general, as well as their attributes, including devotion, truthfulness, humbleness, being charitable and protectors of their purity and chastity. The sura proceeds with injunctions regarding wearing the veil, and urging the believing women to draw cloaks over themselves. Furthermore, the sura emphasises unconditional obedience to God Almighty, and His Messenger (blessings and peace be upon him), declaring that whoever disobeys the Messenger (blessings and peace be upon him) shall go astray. The sura declares the Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) as a Witness, a Bearer of glad tidings, a Warner, a Caller to God, and a Luminous Lamp, spreading his light like the sun. This sura also proclaims the Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) as the Last and Final Messenger, ending the system of succession and raising of Prophets (peace be upon them). Moreover, this sura announces the esteemed and exalted status of the Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) by stating that God All-Mighty Himself invokes His blessings upon him and the angels joining Him, and also commands the believers to invoke blessings and salutations of peace upon the Holy Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him). In the end, the sura commands the believers to not be like those who caused distress to Prophet Musa (Moses [peace be upon him]), and to always be obedient to Allah Almighty’s Messenger (blessings and peace be upon him).
* Zihar was a pre-Islamic Arabian practice in which a man could repudiate his wife by saying: ‘You are to me as my mother’s back (zahr).’ By declaring this, the wife was deprived of her marital rights but was not yet free to contract another marriage. Islam abolished this unjust practice.
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Or: The Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) has a greater right and authority over the believers than they have over themselves.
Or: The Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) should be considered and felt more beloved by the believers than their own selves.
* This verse refers to the inability of Zaynab bint Jahsh to reconcile with Zayd b. Haritha because she insisted on getting a divorce. According to another report, Zayd insisted on divorcing her. Since Zayd and Zaynab came from two different social classes, the marriage was not successful, despite the Prophet’s advice to them on several occasions to retain the marriage. In contrast, Allah had willed that Zaynab would be wedded to the Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) after her divorce. The Prophet (blessings and peace be upon him) was worried that people would misunderstand the situation. Hence, this verse was revealed.